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Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879, Ulm, Germany – April 18, 1955, Princeton, USA) – theoretical physicist, one of the founders of theoretical physics, creator of the theory of relativity, and one of the creators of quantum theory, Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 1921.

He is considered one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century, and his works had a significant impact on modern physics. The main achievements of the great theoretical physicist are the special theory of relativity, the law of the interrelationship of energy and mass, the theory of Brownian motion, quantum theories of heat capacity and photoelectric effect, the theory of light scattering, and the theory of stimulated emission.

Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, Germany. His father was a co-owner of a mattress stuffing company, and his mother was a housewife.

At his mother's initiative, Einstein began to study the violin at the age of six. His passion for music remained and became integral to the scientist's life. Albert was not one of the best students at the gymnasium, but mathematics and Latin were the only subjects in which he excelled. In 1894, the Einstein family moved to Italy, but Albert stayed with relatives in Munich to complete all six grades of the gymnasium. However, failing to receive a certificate, he joined his family in Pavia, Italy, in 1895. From the age of 14, Albert Einstein lived with his family in Switzerland. He was known for his love of sailing and often spent his free time on the water, finding it a peaceful escape from his intense scientific work.

After graduating from the Zurich Polytechnic in 1900, he worked as a teacher, first in Winterthur and then in Schaffhausen. In 1902, he received a position as an examiner at the Federal Patent Office in Bern, where he worked until 1909. During this period, Einstein developed the special theory of relativity and conducted research in statistical physics, Brownian motion, radiation theory, and other areas. His work attracted the scientific community's attention, and in 1909, he was elected professor at the University of Zurich and then at the German University of Prague (1911-1912). In 1912, Einstein returned to Zurich and took a chair at the Zurich Polytechnic.

In 1913, he was elected a member of the Prussian and Bavarian Academies of Sciences. In 1914, he moved to Berlin, where he became director of the Physics Institute and professor at the University of Berlin.

Einstein was also active in design and invention. His main inventions are a very small voltage meter (with Habicht, Paul, and Conrad), a device that automatically determines the exposure time during photography, an original hearing aid, a silent refrigerator (with Szilard), and a gyrocompass with G. Anschütz.

In 1933, Einstein was forced to leave Germany. In protest against fascism, he renounced his German citizenship and left the academy. He moved to Princeton, USA, where he became an Institute for Advanced Study member. During this period, Einstein sought to develop a unified field theory and was involved in cosmology.

In addition to his scientific activities, Albert Einstein is known as a public figure. In the 1930s, he was an honorary adviser to the N. Roerich Museum in New York and supported the idea of ​​the Roerich Pact[5].

In 1940, he became an American citizen and actively supported the American contribution to World War II. He joined the Atomic Energy Committee, which was developing nuclear weapons for use in the war against Germany and Japan. After the war, Einstein continued to work at Princeton University and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952. However, he did not receive it that year or any subsequent years.

In 1955, the theoretical physicist's health deteriorated. He wrote a will and told friends: "My task on Earth has been accomplished." Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955; the cause of death was an aortic aneurysm.